Following is a list of articles about CFIDS in youth that have been published in the peer-reviewed medical literature. If we have been able to locate the article's abstract online, we have provided a link to that abstract. If you wish to read an article that does not have a link, please contact your local medical library or hospital.

Most of these articles focus on CFIDS in children and adolescents. To read articles about CFIDS research in adults, do a search on PubMed, the search engine of the National Library of Medicine.

• Prevalence
• Diagnosis and Course of Illness
• General Management and Review Articles
• Treatment Studies
• Orthostatic Intolerance and Neurally Mediated Hypotension
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neurology
• Psychosocial Issues
• Sleep Disorders
• Chronic Pain & CFS
• Gastrointestinal Problems
• Nephrology
• Immunology
• Infectious Agents
• Genetics
• School Issues
• Research Issues and Conference Reports

Prevalence of CFIDS in Children and Adolescents

• White PD, Thomas JM, Amess J, Crawford DH, Grover SA, Kangro HO, Clare AW.: Incidence, risk and prognosis of acute and chronic fatigue syndromes and psychiatric disorders after glandular fever. Br J Psychiatry 1998 Dec; 173:475-81.
  
  
• Dobbins JG, Randall B, Reyes M, Steele L, Livens EA, Reeves WC.: Prevalence of chronic fatiguing illness among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 15-28.
  
  
• Dowsett EG, Colby J.: Long-Term Sickness Absence Due to ME/CFS in UK Schools: An Epidemiological Study with Medical and Educational Implications. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 29-42.
  
  

Diagnosis and Course of Illness

• Garralda ME, Rangel L:   Annotation: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in children and adolescents.  J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;43(2):169-76.
  
  
• Chalder T, Tong J, Deary V:  Family cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: an uncontrolled study.  Arch Dis Child. 2002 Feb;86(2):95-7.
  
  
• Palaniappan R, Sirimanna T:  Peripheral vestibular dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome.  Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 May 31;64(1):69-72.
  
  
• Bell DS, Jordan K, Robinson M: Thirteen-year follow-up of children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Pediatrics 2001 May;107(5):994-8.
  
  
• Wessely S: Diagnose and be damned. Management of CFS in children is not contentious. BMJ. 2000 Apr 8;320(7240):1005. No abstract available.
  
  
• Pheby D: Diagnose and be damned. Corroboration is important when children's illnesses are diagnosed. BMJ. 2000 Apr 8;320(7240):1004. No abstract available.
  
  
• Bell, DS: Illness Onset Characteristics in Children with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Idiopathic Chronic Fatigue, Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 43-51.
  
  
• Rangel L, Garralda ME, Levin M, Roberts H: The course of severe chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood. J R Soc Med 2000 Mar;93(3):129-34.
  
  
• Krilov LR, MD; Fisher M, MD; Friedman SB, MD; Reitman D, MD; and Mandel FS, PhD: Course and Outcome of Chronic Fatigue in Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics. 1998 August; 102(2): 360-366.
  
  
• Perry LD; Plioplys AV; and Krilov LR, Fisher M, Friedman SB: Chronic fatigue syndrome?? (Letters to the Editor). Pediatrics. 1999; 104:130-131.
  
• Bell, DS: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Review. Focus and Opinion: Pediatrics. 1995 September/October 1(5): 412-420.
  
  
• Jordan KM, et al.: Chronic fatigue syndrome in children and adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 1998 Jan;22(1):4-18. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9436061; UI: 98098438.
  
  
• Carter BD, et al.: Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue in children: behavioral and emotional dimensions. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1996 Feb;17(1):16-21.
  
  
• Carter BD, Edwards JF, Kronenberger WG, Michalczyk L, Marshall GS: Case control study of chronic fatigue in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 1995 Feb;95(2):179-86.
  
  
• Feder HM Jr, Dworkin PH, Orkin C: Outcome of 48 pediatric patients with chronic fatigue. A clinical experience. Arch Fam Med 1994 Dec;3(12):1049-55.
  
  
• Bell DS, Bell KM, Cheney, PR: Primary juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents.Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S21-3.
  
  
• Bell KM, Cookfair D, Bell DS, Reese P, Cooper L: Risk factors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in a cluster of pediatric cases. Rev Infect Dis 1991 Jan-Feb;13 Suppl 1:S32-8.
  
  

General Management and Review Articles

• Bell, DS: Treating Pediatric CFS, School Nurse News. March 2001;18(2):12-16. In addition to Dr. Bell's article, this PDF file includes a letter introducing school nurses to resources and support for those concerned with pediatric CFS.
  
  
• Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Ju LH:  Review of juvenile primary fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Dev Behav Pediatr 1999 Aug;20(4):278-88.
  
  
• Bell, DS: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Review. Focus and Opinion: Pediatrics. 1995 September/October 1(5): 412-420.
  
  
• Jordan KM, et al.: Chronic fatigue syndrome in children and adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 1998 Jan;22(1):4-18. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9436061; UI: 98098438.
  
  
• Lapp, CS: Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Children: A Practicing Clinician's Approach. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 59-76. No abstract available.
  
  
• Franklin A.: How I manage chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Oct;79(4):375-8. No abstract available. PMID: 9875055; UI: 99092214.
  
  
• Wright JB, et al.: Chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Oct;79(4):368-74. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 9875054; UI: 99092213.
  
  
• Carter BD, Marshall GS: New developments: diagnosis and management of chronic fatigue in children and adolescents. Curr Probl Pediatr 1995 Oct;25(9):281-93. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 8582157, UI: 96160551.
  
  
• Krilov LR.: Chronic fatigue syndrome. Pediatr Ann. 1995 Jun;24(6):290-2, 294. No abstract available. PMID: 7659460; UI: 95388450.
  
  
• Arav-Boger R, Spirer Z: Chronic fatigue syndrome: pediatric aspects. Isr J Med Sci 1995 May;31(5):330-4. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 7759230, UI: 95279085.
  

Treatment Studies

• Lim A, Lubitz L:  Chronic fatigue syndrome: Successful outcome of an intensive inpatient programme.  J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Jun;38(3):295-9.
  
  
• Rowe KS: Double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for the management of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;31(1):133-47.
  

Orthostatic Intolerance and Neurally Mediated Hypotension in Children and Adolescents with CFIDS

These articles pertain to NMH and OI in youth diagnosed with CFS. For a more comprehensive list of articles on pediatric NMH and OI, see NMH and OI in Children and Adolescents which includes articles about NMH and OI in children not diagnosed with CFS.

• Stewart JM: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by attenuated vagal baroreflex and potentiated sympathetic vasomotion. Pediatr Res. 2000 Aug;48(2):218-26.
  
  
• Tomoda A, Miike T, Yamada E, Honda H, Moroi T, Ogawa M, Ohtani Y, Morishita S: Chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood. Brain Dev. 2000 Jan;22(1):60-4.
  
  
• Karas B, Grubb BP, Boehm K, Kip K: The postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a potentially treatable cause of chronic fatigue, exercise intolerance, and cognitive impairment in adolescents. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000 Mar;23(3):344-51.
  
  
• Takahashi Y, Ohta S, Sano A, Kuroda Y, Kaji Y, Matsuki M, Matsuo M: Does severe nutcracker phenomenon cause pediatric chronic fatigue? Clin Nephrol 2000 Mar;53(3):174-81.
  
  
• Takahashi Y, Sano A, Matsuo M: An effective "transluminal balloon angioplasty" therapy for pediatric chronic fatigue syndrome with nutcracker phenomenon. Clin Nephrol. 2000 Jan;53(1):77-8. No abstract available. PMID: 10661488; UI: 20125130.
  
  
• Saul JP: Syncope: etiology, management, and when to refer. J S C Med Assoc 1999 Oct;95(10):385-7.
  
  
• Rowe PC, Barron DF, Calkins H, Maumenee IH, Tong PY, Geraghty MT: Orthostatic intolerance and chronic fatigue syndrome associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics. October 1999; 135(4). Review
  
  
• Massin MM, Leroy P: A 9-year-old girl with chronic fatigue. Diagnosis: neurally mediated hypotension. Eur J Pediatr 1999 Sep;158(9):761-2.
  
  
• Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Munoz J: Patterns of orthostatic intolerance: the orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and adolescent chronic fatigue. J Pediatr 1999 Aug;135(2 Pt 1):218-25. Review.
  
  
• Rodriguez RA, Snider K, Cornel G, Teixeira OH: Cerebral blood flow velocity during tilt table test for pediatric syncope. Pediatrics 1999 Aug;104(2 Pt 1):237-42. Review.
  
  
• Rusy LM, Harvey SA, Beste DJ: Pediatric fibromyalgia and dizziness: evaluation of vestibular function.  J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999 Aug;20(4):211-5. Review.
  
  
• Burklow TR, Moak JP, Bailey JJ, Makhlouf FT: Neurally mediated cardiac syncope: autonomic modulation after normal saline infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 Jun;33(7):2059-66 Review.
  
  
• Stewart JM, Gewitz MH, Weldon A, Arlievsky N, Li K, and Munoz J. Orthostatic Intolerance in Adolescent Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Pediatrics. 1999 January; 103(1): 116-121.
  
  
• Stewart J, et al. Neurally mediated hypotension and autonomic dysfunction measured by heartrate variability during head-up tilt testing in children with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 1998 Aug;8(4):221-30.
  
  
• Bou-Holaigah I, Calkins H, Flynn JA, Tunin C, Chang HC, Kan JS, Rowe PC.: Provocation of hypotension and pain during upright tilt table testing in adults with fibromyalgia.  Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997 May-Jun;15(3):239-46.
  
  
• Rowe PC, et al.: Is neurally mediated hypotension an unrecognized cause of chronic fatigue? Lancet. 1995 Mar 11;345(8950):623-4.
  
  
• Bou-Holaigah I, Rowe PC, Kan J, Calkins H.: The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA 1995 September 27; 274(12): 961-967.
  

Neuroendocrinology

• Kavelaars A, Kuis W, Knook L, Sinnema G, Heijnen CJ: Disturbed neuroendocrine-immune interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Feb;85(2):692-6.
  

Neurology

• Goldberg MD, Mena I, Darcourt J: NeuroSPECT findings in children with chronic fatigue syndrome. J CFS 1997;3(1):61-67.
  
  
• Jacobson W, Saich T, Borysiewicz LK, Behan WM, Behan PO, Wreghitt TG: Serum folate and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurology 1993 Dec;43(12):2645-7.
  

Psychosocial Issues

• Gray D, Parker-Cohen NY, White T, Clark ST, Seiner SH, Achilles J, McMahon WM: A comparison of individual and family psychology of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and mood disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001 Aug;22(4):234-242.
  
  
• Van Middendorp H, Geenen R, Kuis W, Heijnen CJ, and Sinnema G: Psychological Adjustment of Adolescent Girls With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Pediatrics 2001; 107 e35.
  
  
• Brace MJ, Scott Smith M, McCauley E, Sherry DD--Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA: Family reinforcement of illness behavior: a comparison of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome, juvenile arthritis, and healthy controls. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2000 Oct;21(5):332-9.
  
  
• Rangel L, Garralda E, Levin M, Roberts H: Personality in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;9(1):39-45.
  
  
• Garralda E, Rangel L, Levin M, Roberts H, Ukoumunne O: Psychiatric adjustment in adolescents with a history of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;38(12):1515-21.
  
  
• Jackson EL: The effects on siblings in families with a child with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Child Health Care 1999 Summer;3(2):27-32. Review.
  
  
• Carter BD, Kronenberger WG, Edwards JF, Marshall GS, Schikler KN, Causey DL.: Psychological Symptoms in Chronic Fatigue and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pediatrics 1999 103: 975-979.
  
  
• Carter BD, et al.: Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue in children: behavioral and emotional dimensions. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1996 Feb;17(1):16-21.
  
  
• Fry AM, Martin M: Cognitive idiosyncrasies among children with the chronic fatigue syndrome: anomalies in self-reported activity levels. J Psychosom Res 1996 Sep;41(3):213-23.
  
  
• Pelcovitz D, Septimus A, Friedman SB, Krilov LR, Mandel F, Kaplan S: Psychosocial correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescent girls. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995 Oct;16(5):333-8.
  
  
• Smith MS, Mitchell J, Corey L, Gold D, McCauley EA, Glover D, Tenover FC: Chronic fatigue in adolescents. Pediatrics 1991 Aug;88(2):195-202.
  

Sleep Disorders

• Knook L, Kavelaars A, Sinnema G, Kuis W, Heijnen CJ--Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands: High nocturnal melatonin in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Oct;85(10):3690-2.
  
  
• Stores G, Fry A, Crawford C: Sleep abnormalities demonstrated by home polysomnography in teenagers with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 1998 Jul;45(1 Spec No):85-91.
  

Chronic Pain and CFS

• Rowe PC, Barron DF, Calkins H, Maumenee IH, Tong PY, Geraghty MT: Orthostatic intolerance and chronic fatigue syndrome associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics. October 1999; 135(4). Review.
  
  
• Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Ju LH:  Review of juvenile primary fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Dev Behav Pediatr 1999 Aug;20(4):278-88. Review.
  
  
• Also see Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) and Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents.
  

Gastrointestinal Problems

• Corrado G, et al.: Normal gastric emptying time and myoelectrical activity in an adolescent with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug;30(4):444-5. No abstract available. PMID: 9789150; UI: 99005579.
  
  
• For a more comprehensive list of articles on gastrointestinal problems, see Food Allergies, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and other Gastrointestinal Problems in Children and Adolescents, which includes articles about gastrointestinal problems in children not diagnosed with CFS.
  

Nephrology

• Takahashi Y, Ohta S, Sano A, Kuroda Y, Kaji Y, Matsuki M, Matsuo M: Does severe nutcracker phenomenon cause pediatric chronic fatigue? Clin Nephrol 2000 Mar;53(3):174-81.
  
  
• Takahashi Y, Sano A, Matsuo M: An effective "transluminal balloon angioplasty" therapy for pediatric chronic fatigue syndrome with nutcracker phenomenon. Clin Nephrol. 2000 Jan;53(1):77-8. No abstract available. PMID: 10661488; UI: 20125130.
  
  

Immunology

• Kavelaars A, Kuis W, Knook L, Sinnema G, Heijnen CJ: Disturbed neuroendocrine-immune interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Feb;85(2):692-6.
  
  
• Itoh Y, Igarashi T, Tatsuma N, Imai T, Yoshida J, Tsuchiya M, Murakami M, Fukunaga Y: Immunogenetic background of patients with autoimmune fatigue syndrome. Autoimmunity. 2000 Oct;32(3):193-7.
  
  
• Rowe KS: Double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for the management of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;31(1):133-47.
  

Infectious Agents

• Jacobson SK, Daly JS, Thorne GM, McIntosh K: Chronic parvovirus B19 infection resulting in chronic fatigue syndrome: case history and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997 Jun;24(6):1048-51.
  

Genetics

• Itoh Y, Igarashi T, Tatsuma N, Imai T, Yoshida J, Tsuchiya M, Murakami M, Fukunaga Y: Immunogenetic background of patients with autoimmune fatigue syndrome. Autoimmunity. 2000 Oct;32(3):193-7.
  
  
• Farmer A, Scourfield J, Martin N, Cardno A, McGuffin P: Is disabling fatigue in childhood influenced by genes? Psychol Med 1999 Mar;29(2):279-82.
  

School Issues

• Bell, DS: Treating Pediatric CFS , School Nurse News. March 2001;18(2):12-16. In addition to Dr. Bell's article, this PDF file includes a letter introducing school nurses to resources and support for those concerned with pediatric CFS.
  
  
• Home, Hospital, and Other Non-School-based Instruction for Children and Adolescents Who Are Medically Unable to Attend School by Committee on School Health. Pediatrics 2000;106 1154-1155.
  
  
• Cohen P.: School and the ME generation. Nurs Times. 1997 Dec 3-9;93(49):19. No abstract available. PMID: 9429489; UI: 98091324.
  
  
• Dowse EG, Colby J.: Long-Term Sickness Absence Due to ME/CFS in UK Schools: An Epidemiological Study with Medical and Educational Implications. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 29-42.
  

Research Issues and Conference Reports

• Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Ju LH:  Review of juvenile primary fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Dev Behav Pediatr 1999 Aug;20(4):278-88. Review.
  
  
• Marshall, G.: Report on a workshop on the epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics 1999 April; 134(4).  No abstract available.
  
  
• Jordan K, Kolak A, Jason L: Research with Children and Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue Syndome: Methodologies, Designs, and Special Considerations. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1997; 3(2): 3--13.